Introduction

In this column, which will run roughly twice a month, I'll tackle grammar question from two viewpoints: first, traditional school grammar, as exemplified by the Oxford English Dictionary 2^nd edition and grammars such as Reed and Kellogg's Higher Lessons in English, Henry Sweet's A new English Grammar, and their progeny; and second a more modern analysis following The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (CGEL) and its companion A Student's Introduction to English Grammar.

Although there are various approaches to grammar, a glance at published textbooks and school curricula, and observations of various classrooms shows that "current traditional grammar" dominates English language teaching in Ontario. This is typically a catch-as-catch-can mingling of traditional school grammar with various modern innovations and ESL-specific rules of thumb. The LINC grammar items listed in the LINC 5-7 Curriculum Guidelines exemplify this nicely.  On page 336, we find phrase defined as

"A group of related words that does not contain a subject and a predicate. A phrase cannot stand alone as a sentence. There are several different kinds of phrases: prepositional phrases, participial phrases, adjective phrases, gerund phrases, infinitive phrases, verb phrases, and so forth. A phrase is named for the word that introduces it." 

This begins with the traditional definition but continues with a thoroughly modern idea of a phrase. You don't find various types of phrases, such as verb phrase or adjective phrase, discussed in traditional grammars. There, a phrase is roughly a syntactic unit larger than a word and smaller than a clause and lacking a main verb. Of course, this conflicts with the modern idea of a verb phrase. This seemingly unconscious blending is similarly evident in the Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (discussed here) and TESOL's "Grammatically Speaking" column (discussed here). On the other hand, the LINC document also includes adjective clause, a term that would have been familiar to Reed and Kellogg but is not used in the CGEL.

Beyond this mix of the traditional and the modern, the LINC document includes definitions that reflect neither approach. Consider the definition of linking verbs as "verbs that express state or feeling rather than action," (p. 335) which could do with some attention and which brings us to our inaugural question: what is a linking verb anyhow?